Which of the following best defines 'accountability' in public service?

The definition of 'accountability' in public service is best captured by the concept of obligation. Individuals who are accountable are expected to report, explain, and take responsibility for their actions. This definition emphasizes the importance of transparency and ethical conduct within public service roles. It implies that public servants must be open about their decisions and can be questioned regarding their actions, which fosters trust and integrity in governmental processes.

In a public service context, accountability not only ensures individuals adhere to established standards and ethics but also enhances the overall effectiveness of governance by holding individuals to their commitments and promoting a culture of responsibility. This aspect is crucial for maintaining public confidence in governmental institutions and for promoting a responsive public service that meets the needs of citizens.

The other options, while relevant to certain aspects of performance and responsibility, do not fully capture the comprehensive nature of accountability as expected in public service. For instance, executing tasks independently relates to autonomy, results achieved focuses more on outcomes, and penalties deal with consequences rather than the broader obligation to explain and report on actions.